Sources for Body System Health Samples for Studetns-Myassignment

Question: 1.Why do Cells need Glucose? Describe the Homeostatic feedback system that would be activated in response to an Elevated Blood Glucose level. 2 What would be a Consequence to Bone Health if there was a lack of either Calcium or Vitamin D in the Body? Answer: 1.Glucose is a simple carbohydrate that is used by the mitochondria to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) during cellular respiration. It provides rapid energy over a short period of time. To initiate the process of cellular respiration, cells need glucose. The cells then convert one molecule of glucose into two pyruvates, two ATP, and two NADH. Pyruvate is further converted into acetyl Co-A and produces NADH and two ATP in the citric acid cycle. In oxidative phosphorylation, all these harvested NADH are transported to mitochondria. ATP can be stored for future usage as starches which will deliver energy over an extended period of time. ATP is also capable of phosphorylating several proteins to initiate kinetic conformational modifications in them and these changes allow proteins to assist numerous functions such as stimulation of messenger particles via phosphorylation cascade, movement of motor proteins, activation of various enzymes, manufacturing (transcri ption and translation) of proteins, cell replication and much more (Hill, 2014). During elevated blood glucose level, the homeostatic process of the body alters the direction of the stimuli, known as the negative feedback loop. A negative feedback systemis a combination of processes that sense alterations inside the body and trigger mechanisms that reverse the abnormalities in order to reinstate conditions to their standard levels. The negative feedback loop is significant inmaintaining homeostasis, the conservation of relatively persistent internal environments. The increase in blood glucose level can be sensed by thenervous system. Specializedcellscalled the Beta () cells in the islets of Langerhans inside the pancreas responds with this increase by releasing thepancreatic hormoneinsulin. Insulin causes blood glucose level to decline, as would be likely in a negative feedback loop (Kotas Medzhitov, 2015). As soon as blood glucose level increases, the -cells secrete the pancreatic hormone insulin. Insulin converts glucose to glycogen to facilitate the storage of additional glucose in order to restore the increased glucose level to a normal condition.Insulin possesses some important properties such as stimulating the body cells to escalate their rate of glucose transport and glucose uptake from the bloodstream, increasing the cellular percentage of glucose consumption as the primary energy source, accelerating the process of glycogenesis for rapid glycogenformation from glucose molecules in liver and skeletal muscle cells and stimulating the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose in liver cells and adipose tissue. These properties collectively lower the blood glucose level maintaining the internal homeostatic condition (Kotas Medzhitov, 2015). 2.Sources of calcium include milk, yogurt, cheese, soybeans, spinach, collards, kale, okra, oats, fishes like salmon, perch, sardines etc. Human skin can make high amounts of vitamin D when exposed to sunlight mainly to the UVB. Several foodstuffs like fatty fishes (salmon, tuna, and mackerel), soymilk, animal livers, egg yolk, cheese etc. contain vitamin D (Moyer, 2013). The role of calcium ion is to keep the bone and teeth strong, thus supporting the skeletal structure and functions. Calcium ion is also essential for cell signalling, nerve functioning, blood clotting and contraction of muscle tissues. The key role of vitamin D is to absorb calcium to promote bone health. Vitamin D also blocks the secretion of parathyroid hormone (Dawson-Hughes, 2015). Calcium deficiency or hypocalcemia can cause low bone density, osteoporosis, osteopenia, weakened bones, and fracture. Vitamin D is essential for absorbing and utilize calcium. Deficiency of vitamin D can decrease the absorption of calcium ion which in turn increases the risk of developing rickets and osteomalacia. Therefore, deficiency of calcium, vitamin D or both can result in skeletal deformities, soft bone tissues and reduced growth in children where in adults in can lead to weak bone structure, bone pain, and easy bone fracture (Dawson-Hughes, 2015). References Dawson-Hughes, B. (2015). Calcium and vitamin D for bone health in adults. InNutrition and bone health(pp. 217-230). Springer New York. Hill, G. E. (2014). Cellular respiration: the nexus of stress, condition, and ornamentation.Integrative and comparative biology,54(4), 645-657. Kotas, M. E., Medzhitov, R. (2015). Homeostasis, inflammation, and disease susceptibility.Cell,160(5), 816-827. Moyer, V. A. (2013). Vitamin D and calcium supplementation to prevent fractures in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement.Annals of internal medicine,158(9), 691-696.